Poland Welcomes Its First F-35A Stealth Fighters on Home Soil

Poland has officially received the first three Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II stealth fighters ordered under its ambitious air force modernization program, marking a major milestone for both the country and NATO’s eastern flank.

The aircraft arrived at Łask Air Base after flying from Fort Worth, Texas, with a stop at Lajes Air Base in the Azores. Poland has named its F-35 fleet “Husarz”, in reference to the legendary Polish Winged Hussars that became a symbol of military power between the 16th and 18th centuries.

Polish Defence Minister Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz described the arrival as a historic moment, emphasizing that these are the first fifth-generation fighters permanently assigned to NATO’s eastern frontier. According to the minister, the acquisition represents not only new equipment, but Poland’s entry into the “top league” of modern air forces.

Warsaw signed the contract for 32 F-35A aircraft with Lockheed Martin in 2020 in a deal valued at approximately $4.6 billion, including training, simulators, and logistical support. Polish pilots have already been training on the aircraft in the United States since 2024.

The modernization effort is expected to continue rapidly. Fourteen aircraft should be delivered to Poland by the end of the year, with initial operational readiness expected in 2027. Full delivery of the 32-aircraft fleet is planned for completion by 2032.

The arrival of the F-35 further strengthens the growing presence of the platform across Europe, where multiple NATO members are either already operating or preparing to receive the fifth-generation fighter as part of broader defense modernization efforts driven by the evolving security environment in Eastern Europe.

Spain Extends F-18 Service Life to 2040 Amid Capability Gap

The Spanish Air and Space Force is facing a strategic reality that highlights the growing gap between planning and operational necessity: the extension of its F/A-18 fleet service life to around 2040.

This means that some aircraft, originally introduced in the 1980s, could remain in service for over 50 years, an unusually long lifespan for a modern combat aircraft.

What was once an implicit assumption has now become official policy. In a 2026 parliamentary response, the government confirmed that the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet will remain operational well beyond 2035. This effectively adds another decade to their expected service life. The decision is not driven by enhanced capability, but by necessity: maintaining a minimum level of combat readiness in the absence of near-term replacements.

Operating an aging fighter fleet comes with clear consequences. Maintenance demands increase significantly over time, both in cost and complexity. Aircraft availability tends to decline as inspection cycles become more frequent and downtime grows. At the same time, obsolescence becomes a critical issue, particularly in avionics, wiring, and structural components exposed to long-term fatigue.

Less visible, but equally important, are the challenges affecting ground support systems. Test benches used to diagnose and validate avionics are themselves reaching the end of their service life. Without them, maintenance slows down and reliance on external support increases. To address this, Spain has launched replacement programs through the NATO Support and Procurement Agency, investing in new automated testing systems to ensure continued operational support.

The primary driver behind this extension is the delayed timeline of the Future Combat Air System (FCAS), Europe’s next-generation air combat program. Entry into service is now expected beyond 2040, creating a capability gap that must be filled by existing platforms. For Spain, this gap is particularly sensitive given its NATO commitments and the need to sustain a credible fighter force.

Efforts to mitigate this situation include the acquisition of new Eurofighter Typhoon jets under the Halcón programs. However, these aircraft will not fully replace the F-18 fleet, especially in key bases such as Zaragoza and Torrejón. The transition will be gradual, requiring both platforms to operate side by side for longer than originally planned.

At the same time, the decision not to acquire the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II has removed the only available fifth-generation option that could have bridged the gap. As a result, extending the life of the F-18 has become the only viable path forward.

This strategy comes at a significant financial cost. Spain has already committed hundreds of millions of euros to sustainment contracts, including spare parts sourced from the United States and critical components such as the General Electric F404 engines. These investments underscore a key reality: life extension is not an optimal solution, but a necessary one.

Ultimately, Spain’s current position reflects a combination of industrial delays, political choices, and budgetary constraints. The outcome is a forced balance, in which a legacy fourth-generation fighter must remain in service far longer than originally intended.

Extending the F-18’s operational life ensures continuity in the short and medium term. However, it also highlights the difficulty of maintaining a fully modern air force under current conditions. In an increasingly demanding strategic environment, keeping a combat aircraft in service for half a century is less a sign of strength than of constrained adaptation.

The real challenge ahead will not be keeping these aircraft flying, but ensuring that the transition to the next generation does not repeat the same structural gaps.

🇬🇧 UK completes initial F-35B batch as future plans remain unclear

 

The United Kingdom has taken delivery of the final F-35B Lightning II from its initial 48-aircraft order, marking the completion of the programme’s first acquisition phase.

In practice, the fleet stands at 47 aircraft, following the loss of one airframe during a 2021 incident involving the HMS Queen Elizabeth.

The aircraft are jointly operated by the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy, primarily through 617 Squadron based at RAF Marham. This joint model underpins both land-based and carrier operations.

Recent deliveries have been made in the F-35’s Technical Refresh 3 (TR-3) configuration, which has yet to achieve full operational certification, leaving part of the fleet not fully cleared for combat use.

Operationally, the aircraft are already in active use. A contingent is currently deployed to RAF Akrotiri, where they have been involved in defensive missions across the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. These include air defence tasks over Bahrain, Jordan, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates amid heightened regional tensions. 

Beyond this milestone, the next phase of the programme remains undefined. The UK’s long-delayed Defence Investment Plan is expected to clarify future procurement.

Current planning, however, indicates a shift. The next tranche—originally expected to consist of 27 additional F-35Bs—is being revised to include a mixed fleet, with 12 F-35A Lightning II for the RAF. These aircraft are intended to restore the UK’s nuclear delivery capability within NATO frameworks.

While the UK maintains a long-term requirement for up to 138 aircraft, no clear timeline or firm commitment exists for reaching that figure. The programme has therefore entered a transition phase, with key structural decisions still pending.

🇺🇸 US F-35s begin replacing F-16s in Japan

 

The United States Air Force has begun deploying F-35 Lightning II aircraft to Misawa Air Base, marking the start of a transition from the ageing F-16C Fighting Falcon fleet. An initial contingent arrived over the weekend and has been assigned to the 13th Fighter Squadron.

The deployment follows earlier plans announced in 2024 to replace the 36 F-16s based at Misawa with a total of 48 F-35As. The arrival of the first aircraft represents the initial phase of that transition rather than a complete replacement.

The F-16 has been a long-standing component of US presence in Japan, but increasing maintenance demands and evolving operational requirements have driven the shift toward fifth-generation platforms. The introduction of the F-35 brings enhanced stealth, sensor fusion and survivability.

The transition is expected to take place progressively as additional aircraft are delivered. Misawa will remain a key location in the evolving US air posture in the Indo-Pacific.

Los cazas que podría operar España en un futuro portaaviones CATOBAR

 

La posible construcción de un portaaviones con sistema CATOBAR abriría un abanico completamente nuevo de opciones para la Armada española. A diferencia del actual LHD Juan Carlos I, limitado a aeronaves STOVL como el Harrier o el F-35B, un portaaviones CATOBAR permitiría operar cazas convencionales con mayor carga, alcance y versatilidad.

Los estudios de viabilidad ya apuntan a una ala embarcada de hasta 30 aeronaves, lo que situaría a España en un nivel completamente distinto dentro de la aviación naval europea.
En ese contexto, varias opciones empiezan a tomar forma, aunque con planteamientos muy distintos entre sí.

F/A-18 Super Hornet 

El F/A-18E/F Super Hornet se presenta, probablemente, como la opción más continuista para España en un escenario CATOBAR. Diseñado desde su origen para operaciones embarcadas, cuenta con décadas de experiencia en la Armada estadounidense, lo que le aporta una base operativa sólida y un sistema logístico plenamente maduro. Además, la experiencia previa española con la familia Hornet facilitaría una transición relativamente natural, tanto en la formación de pilotos como en el mantenimiento.
Sin embargo, se trata de un caza de cuarta generación en un entorno cada vez más condicionado por amenazas más avanzadas. Aunque sigue siendo una plataforma muy capaz, su relevancia a largo plazo en escenarios de alta intensidad genera dudas, especialmente a medida que los sistemas de quinta generación se generalizan. En este sentido, podría ofrecer una solución pragmática y de bajo riesgo en el corto plazo, pero con limitaciones claras a medida que evolucionen las necesidades operativas.

Rafale 

El Dassault Rafale M representa, probablemente, la alternativa europea más coherente en un escenario de portaaviones CATOBAR. Es, a día de hoy, el único caza no estadounidense plenamente operativo en este tipo de plataformas, lo que le otorga una ventaja significativa: no se trata de una solución teórica, sino de un sistema ya probado en servicio real. Su elevada polivalencia y su integración en el ecosistema industrial europeo encajan bien con las aspiraciones de autonomía estratégica que España ha venido mostrando en distintos programas de defensa.
Sin embargo, el componente industrial introduce algunas incertidumbres. Francia opera actualmente una flota relativamente limitada de Rafale M —en torno a unas cuarenta unidades— y el futuro de su sustituto naval dentro del programa FCAS sigue siendo incierto en su vertiente embarcada. En ese contexto, no es evidente que la producción del Rafale M se mantenga a largo plazo, lo que podría condicionar tanto la disponibilidad futura del modelo como su evolución.
Aun así, su elección también implicaría concentrar una parte importante de las capacidades en un único proveedor, en este caso Francia, algo que históricamente España ha tratado de evitar manteniendo cierto equilibrio entre socios. Además, aunque se trata de un caza muy avanzado dentro de su generación, su evolución tecnológica se sitúa por detrás de las plataformas de quinta generación. Pese a ello, en términos de equilibrio entre capacidades, viabilidad e integración política, el Rafale M se perfila como una de las opciones más realistas.

F-35C Lightning II 

El F-35C representa la opción más avanzada desde el punto de vista tecnológico en un escenario CATOBAR. Diseñado específicamente para operar desde portaaviones con catapultas, incorpora capacidades de baja observabilidad, sensores de última generación y una integración plena en entornos de guerra en red, lo que lo sitúa en una categoría claramente superior a los cazas de cuarta generación. Además, su uso por parte de la Marina estadounidense garantiza un alto grado de interoperabilidad con aliados clave y una base operativa ampliamente consolidada.
Sin embargo, su posible adopción por parte de España no puede analizarse únicamente en términos técnicos. En los últimos años, España ha descartado la adquisición del F-35B, en parte debido a las implicaciones de dependencia tecnológica asociadas al programa, un factor que también estaría presente en la versión naval. La integración en el ecosistema del F-35 implica un grado elevado de control externo sobre mantenimiento, actualizaciones y gestión de sistemas críticos, lo que plantea interrogantes en términos de soberanía operativa.
En este contexto, aunque el F-35C ofrecería la solución más avanzada desde el punto de vista militar, su adopción estaría condicionada por consideraciones políticas, industriales y estratégicas que van más allá de sus capacidades puramente operativas.

Hürjet 

El TAI Hürjet introduce una variable distinta dentro del debate, alejándose de los cazas embarcados tradicionales para situarse en un enfoque más ligero y potencialmente disruptivo. Aunque concebido originalmente como entrenador avanzado y avión de combate ligero, el desarrollo de una versión naval por parte de Turkish Aerospace Industries abre un escenario que, hasta hace poco, no formaba parte del análisis. Este movimiento coincide, además, con la decisión española de adquirir hasta 30 Hürjet dentro del programa Saeta II, lo que sugiere una convergencia interesante entre necesidades operativas e industrialización a medio plazo.
En paralelo, la Armada española se enfrenta a un problema estructural evidente: la retirada progresiva de los Harrier en la próxima década y la ausencia de un sustituto STOVL tras descartarse el F-35B. En ese contexto, un sistema más ligero, con menores costes de adquisición y operación, podría ofrecer una solución intermedia para preservar la aviación embarcada sin asumir las cargas económicas y logísticas asociadas a cazas pesados como el Super Hornet, el Rafale M o el F-35C. La posible evolución del Hürjet hacia una plataforma naval —con refuerzos estructurales, gancho de apontaje y adaptación a operaciones embarcadas— refuerza esa hipótesis.
Además, la creciente relación industrial entre España y Turquía aporta una dimensión adicional. La combinación de la experiencia española en construcción naval y operaciones embarcadas, junto con el desarrollo aeronáutico turco, podría sentar las bases de una solución conjunta más accesible y sostenible en el largo plazo. Sin que exista confirmación oficial de un vínculo directo entre ambos programas, la coincidencia temporal y estratégica resulta difícil de ignorar. En este sentido, el Hürjet no debe entenderse tanto como un sustituto directo de los cazas embarcados convencionales, sino como una posible vía para redefinir el modelo de aviación naval española en términos más realistas desde el punto de vista presupuestario y operativo.

🇵🇱 Poland and the F-35: signals of a potential 64-aircraft expansion

Recent reports from Polish defence specialist  Krystian Pograniczny suggest that Poland could be preparing to expand its fleet of F-35 Lightning II aircraft, potentially moving beyond its current order toward a significantly larger force structure. While no official announcement has been made, indications point to the possible submission of a Letter of Request (LOR) for additional units in the near future.

Poland originally committed to 32 F-35A aircraft, marking a major step in its transition toward fifth-generation capabilities. 

The possibility of expanding the fleet to 64 aircraft—effectively doubling the initial order—would represent a substantial increase in capability. Structurally, this would translate into four operational squadrons, providing greater flexibility in force deployment and sustained operations.

One of the more notable aspects of these reports is the apparent shift away from alternative options. In particular, earlier discussions around acquiring air superiority platforms such as the F-15EX Eagle II now appear to have lost momentum. If confirmed, this would suggest a clearer strategic focus on a single fifth-generation platform rather than a mixed fleet approach.

From a planning perspective, the timing of a potential LOR would be significant. Submitting a request early is often necessary to secure favorable production slots, especially for high-demand platforms like the F-35. 

It is important to emphasize that these developments remain unconfirmed but the broader trend is consistent with Poland’s ongoing military modernization efforts. 

🇩🇪 Germany’s First F-35A Enters Final Assembly Phase

(Image: Lockheed Martin)

Germany’s F-35 program continues to move forward, with the first F-35 Lightning II aircraft for the Luftwaffe reaching a key production milestone. The jet has now entered the final assembly phase at Lockheed Martin’s Fort Worth, Texas facility.

After progressing through the mile-long production line, the aircraft was lifted by an overhead crane into the final assembly station.

At this stage, the airframe has been structurally completed, with its wing, forward fuselage, center fuselage and aft fuselage joined.

These sections were aligned and integrated using an advanced electronic mate and alignment system, supported by laser-guided tooling—one of the defining features of F-35 production.

For the first time, the aircraft is in a “weight-on-wheels” configuration, marking a visible step toward completion.

During final assembly the engine will be installed, control surfaces will be added and final onboard systems will be integrated. 

Following final assembly, the aircraft will undergo painting and surface finishing and application of its low-observable (stealth) coating

These steps will prepare the jet for its first flight and official rollout, expected later this year.

This aircraft is one of the first eight German F-35As currently in production. Major assembly for these jets began in December 2024 at the Marietta, Georgia facility.

The German F-35 Program in Context

Germany finalized a contract in December 2022 to acquire 35 F-35A aircraft, in a deal valued at approximately €10 billion, including aircraft and engines, mission systems and weapons and support equipment and training and logistics

The F-35A will replace Germany’s aging Tornado fleet and ensure continuity of key operational roles within NATO, including the nuclear-sharing mission.

Key program elements:

• Main operating base: Büchel Air Base
• Initial pilot training: Ebbing Air National Guard Base
• First deliveries: expected between 2026 and 2027
• Full operational capability: around 2030
• Industrial Participation and Local Integration

Germany is also working to expand its role within the F-35 industrial ecosystem with development of local industrial capabilities, participation in component manufacturing and involvement of companies such as Rheinmetall in fuselage-related production.

Potential Expansion of the Fleet

Recent reports suggest that Berlin is considering expanding its F-35 fleet beyond the initial 35 aircraft.

Some sources indicate discussions that could lead to the acquisition of additional jets, potentially doubling the fleet size. However, no final decision has been confirmed.

The entry of Germany’s first F-35A into final assembly marks a significant step in the program’s timeline. Beyond its industrial importance, it signals steady progress toward the introduction of a new generation capability within the Luftwaffe.

As production advances and deliveries approach, attention will increasingly shift from manufacturing to operational integration.

Switzerland Stays Committed to F-35s, Reduces Order from 36 to 30 Aircraft

Switzerland has confirmed it will continue with its F-35A fighter jet program, but the government now expects to acquire around 30 aircraft instead of the originally planned 36, citing rising program costs linked to inflation, raw material prices, and other economic factors.

According to the Swiss Federal Council, the decision aligns with the financial framework approved by voters in 2020, which set a ceiling of 6 billion Swiss francs (adjusted for inflation to approximately 6.429 billion by the end of 2025). To accommodate the revised procurement plan, the government will request an additional 394 million Swiss francs from parliament, covering increased costs while remaining within the authorized limit.

“The United States has claimed additional costs for inflation, raw material development, and other factors,” the Council stated. This additional funding would allow Switzerland to secure production slots for up to 30 F-35A aircraft, with final numbers depending on future U.S. government contract negotiations.

Officials acknowledged that operating fewer than 36 fighters carries operational implications, potentially affecting Switzerland’s ability to sustain air defense during heightened tension or conflict. An expert group previously recommended a fleet of 55–70 modern fighters to meet the current threat environment, highlighting the gap that remains even with the new plan.

Abandoning the program entirely was rejected on security grounds. The Federal Council emphasized that withdrawing would impose severe limitations on Switzerland’s ability to protect its territory and population. Confirming the order by Q2 2027 is essential to retain manufacturing slots within the F-35 production schedule.

The F-35A Lightning II is a fifth-generation multi-role stealth fighter, capable of air superiority, strike, and ISR missions. Its advanced sensors, data-fusion systems, and networked communications allow Switzerland to integrate modern capabilities into its air defense and maintain interoperability with allied forces.

While the reduction in aircraft numbers reflects fiscal prudence, Switzerland remains committed to modernizing its air force, balancing budget realities with strategic security imperatives.

El F-35 y Portugal: de opción preferida a revisión estratégica

 

Durante los últimos años, la sustitución de los F-16 de la Fuerza Aérea Portuguesa ha pasado de parecer una decisión casi automática a convertirse en un debate político, industrial y geoestratégico de primer nivel. El F-35A, inicialmente señalado como el sucesor natural, ha terminado sometido a una profunda revisión estratégica en Lisboa.

El F-35 como relevo lógico del F-16

A finales de 2023, el entonces jefe del Estado Mayor de la Fuerza Aérea Port9uguesa, João Cartaxo Alves, dejó claro que el F-35 era la opción más coherente para sustituir una flota de F-16 con entre 30 y casi 40 años de servicio.

Desde un punto de vista estrictamente militar, el razonamiento era difícil de discutir:

• Interoperabilidad plena con la OTAN
• Integración en el ecosistema de combate aéreo de quinta generación
• Continuidad doctrinal respecto al F-16
• Amplia adopción en Europa (Noruega, Países Bajos, Dinamarca, Bélgica, Reino Unido, Italia, Alemania…)

En palabras del propio Alves, el F-35 era “el único avión de quinta generación capaz de cumplir plenamente los requisitos de misión de Portugal”.

Sin embargo, el entusiasmo militar chocó pronto con la realidad política y presupuestaria.

En diciembre de 2023, el Gobierno portugués aclaró que no existía ningún proceso formal de adquisición en marcha, ni el F-35 figuraba en la Ley de Programación Militar aprobada ese mismo año, que fijaba prioridades hasta 2034 por valor de 5.500 millones de euros.

Las inversiones se centraban en otros ámbitos:

• Aviones de apoyo cercano
• Reabastecimiento en vuelo (KC-390)
• Patrulleros oceánicos
• Capacidades navales y logísticas

El mensaje era claro: el F-35 era una visión de futuro, no una decisión inmediata.

Punto de inflexión en 2025

El ministro de Defensa, Nuno Melo, introdujo un argumento hasta entonces ausente del debate: La dependencia estratégica de Estados Unidos.

Entre sus preocupaciones destacaban:

• La autonomía operativa real del F-35
• La dependencia logística y de mantenimiento
• El control estadounidense de sistemas digitales y de gestión en la nube
• La incertidumbre sobre la política exterior de Washington a medio plazo

El debate dejó de ser únicamente militar y pasó a ser político-estratégico:

¿hasta qué punto un país pequeño debía atar su capacidad aérea crítica a un único proveedor externo?

La alternativa europea entra en escena

Ese cambio de tono abrió la puerta a opciones que hasta entonces parecían secundarias.

En octubre de 2025, Airbus formalizó su interés en posicionar el Eurofighter Typhoon como sustituto del F-16 en Portugal, firmando un memorando de entendimiento con la industria aeronáutica portuguesa.

Los argumentos europeos eran distintos:

• Mayor soberanía industrial
• Retornos económicos y participación local
• Integración en cadenas de valor europeas
• Menor dependencia política de EE. UU.

Portugal, además, ya operaba plataformas de Airbus como el C-295, lo que reforzaba la narrativa de continuidad industrial.

La presión atlántica: el mensaje de Washington

El debate no pasó desapercibido al otro lado del Atlántico.

En febrero de 2026, el embajador estadounidense en Lisboa, John Arrigo, intervino públicamente recomendando que Portugal apostase por el F-35, subrayando:

• La interoperabilidad OTAN
• La pertenencia al “núcleo duro” de fuerzas aéreas europeas
• La necesidad de aumentar el gasto en defensa

Su mensaje encajó en un patrón cada vez más visible: La diplomacia estadounidense como actor directo en decisiones de adquisición militar aliada.

A día de hoy, Portugal no ha lanzado un proceso formal de selección, ni ha cursado ninguna solicitud oficial de compra y baraja una flota futura estimada entre 14 y 28 aeronaves y considera el próximo caza como solución puente hacia programas de sexta generación

Lisboa incluso ha manifestado su interés en participar, aunque sea como observador, en programas europeos como FCAS o GCAP.

El caso portugués demuestra que el debate sobre el F-35 ya no es solo técnico sino de autonomía estratégica, dependencia industrial y sobre el equilibrio entre Europa y Estados Unidos.

El F-35 sigue siendo una opción poderosa —quizá la más capaz—, pero ya no es incuestionable.

Farewell to the F-16: Denmark Retires a Legend as Arctic Tensions Rise

Today marks the final day in service for the Royal Danish Air Force’s (RDAF) Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcons after a storied 46-year operational history encompassing air defence, NATO missions, combat deployments, and Arctic sovereignty patrols.

At a formal ceremony held at Skrydstrup Air Base, Denmark bid farewell to an aircraft that has been central to its air power since 1980, closing a chapter in military aviation and transitioning fully to the F-35A Lightning II as its frontline fighter.

Across its service life, Denmark operated 77 F-16s. As part of the retirement process:

🇺🇦 19 aircraft have been donated to Ukraine to support its defence against Russian aggression.

🇦🇷 24 jets have been sold to Argentina; deliveries continue as part of that transfer.

The remaining jets have either been decommissioned or were lost in accidents over decades of service.

This transition underscores not only Denmark’s modernization but also how ageing platforms are redistributed within the global aviation ecosystem.

Arctic Geopolitics: Greenland and Rising Tensions with the U.S.

The retirement of the F-16 occurs against a backdrop of heightened geopolitical tension between Denmark and the United States over Greenland — an autonomous Arctic territory that remains part of the Danish realm and central to Nordic security.

In early 2026, U.S. President Donald Trump reignited controversy by publicly asserting that the United States should acquire Greenland, allegedly “one way or the other,” citing its strategic location facing Russia and China. These comments sparked diplomatic friction between Copenhagen and Washington. 

Denmark’s government has firmly rejected any proposal to cede sovereignty over Greenland, emphasising that the U.S. does not need ownership of the territory to contribute to Arctic defence, and asserting that any such idea is “out of the question” under international law. 

In response to rising uncertainty and to reinforce Arctic readiness, Denmark has expanded its military presence in Greenland — deploying additional forces, aircraft patrols, and conducting exercises in close cooperation with NATO allies. 

This buildup is part of Operation Arctic Endurance, a Danish-led NATO activity focused on strengthening allied interoperability and deterrence in one of the world’s most challenging operational environments. 

A NATO Strain?

What makes the current situation unusual is that this tension is unfolding within NATO itself. While NATO has historically served as a platform for collective defence in the Arctic, differing interpretations between Denmark and the United States — particularly around Greenland’s future and strategic role — have introduced strains in transatlantic cooperation not seen in decades. 

Demonstrations in Denmark and Greenland underscore widespread public opposition to claims of divestiture or foreign acquisition of the territory. 

The F-16 Legacy and Denmark’s Strategic Future

Denmark’s F-16s were more than an airframe — they were a flexible tool of national and alliance deterrence for nearly half a century. They flew Baltic Air Policing missions, participated in overseas combat operations, and conducted sovereignty patrols in the Arctic. Their retirement consolidates Denmark’s transition to the fifth-generation F-35A, a platform central to future air operations in Europe and the North Atlantic.

At the same time, geopolitical realities in the High North — where airpower, maritime security, and alliance cohesion intersect — continue to evolve rapidly. The RDAF’s F-16s may be gone, but the region they helped secure remains a pivotal arena for strategic competition and alliance diplomacy.

Turbulence in Lisbon: Portugal Rethinks F-35 Purchase

Amid conflicting signals from military and political leadership, Portugal's decision on acquiring F-35 fighters remains uncertain. The Air Force pushes forward, while the Defense Ministry urges caution.

Portugal's effort to replace its aging fleet of F-16 fighter jets has turned into a geopolitical balancing act. While the Portuguese Air Force strongly supports acquiring the fifth-generation F-35A Lightning II, recent political hesitations have cast doubt over the program's future. This blog post explores the internal debate in Lisbon, the reasons behind it, and what it means for Portugal's defense posture and international partnerships.

Portugal’s path toward modernizing its fighter fleet has encountered unexpected turbulence. What once seemed like a straightforward transition from F-16s to the Lockheed Martin F-35A has turned into a debate over national sovereignty, alliance reliability, and long-term strategic independence.

In 2024, Portuguese Air Force Chief General João Cartaxo Alves publicly confirmed the F-35A as the most suitable aircraft to replace Portugal’s aging F-16s. The advanced stealth fighter offered unrivaled interoperability with NATO forces, long-term operational relevance, and cutting-edge technology.

However, in early 2025, Defense Minister Nuno Melo issued statements that took many by surprise. Citing concerns over the unpredictability of U.S. foreign policy—especially under a potential second Donald Trump presidency—Melo warned about relying too heavily on American defense technology. He highlighted potential limitations on operational autonomy and maintenance logistics due to the F-35's cloud-based management systems controlled by the U.S.

Melo’s position sparked speculation that Portugal could shift focus to European alternatives. Leading candidates include the French Dassault Rafale, the multinational Eurofighter Typhoon, and Sweden’s Saab Gripen, all of which offer varying degrees of performance and political alignment.

Despite these reservations, the Portuguese Air Force remains firm in its position. On April 22, 2025, General Alves reiterated that the F-35 is “the only fifth-generation aircraft capable of fulfilling our mission requirements and guaranteeing interoperability with NATO.”

At present, Portugal has not entered a formal procurement process or submitted a letter of request to the U.S. government. The decision is now likely to fall into the hands of the next government following national elections scheduled for May 18.

Portugal’s F-35 debate highlights the complex intersection of defense capability and geopolitical risk management. While the Air Force looks toward a future defined by stealth and data-centric warfare, political leadership is weighing national autonomy and alliance dynamics. The final decision will serve as a key signal of Portugal’s defense priorities in an increasingly uncertain world.

Royal Netherlands Air Force Marks New Chapter: F-35 Fleet Achieves Full Operational Capability as F-16s are Retired

 The announcement that the Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF) has declared its fleet of F-35A Lightning II aircraft as fully operational represents a significant milestone in the modernization of the country’s defense capabilities. This achievement means that the F-35s have reached Full Operational Capability (FOC), enabling them to conduct critical missions including airspace surveillance, counterterrorism operations, and also participation in NATO's nuclear deterrence strategy.

The Context of the F-35 in the Royal Netherlands Air Force

The F-35A is a fifth-generation stealth fighter designed to perform a wide range of functions on the modern battlefield, replacing the older F-16, which for more than four decades served as the backbone of the country's air defense. Lieutenant General Dennis Luyt, commander of the Royal Netherlands Air Force, highlighted the strategic importance of the F-35 by stating: *“The F-35 allows us to deliver critical long-range military effects at any time. This is a game changer for the Dutch Armed Forces.”*

This fighter is equipped with advanced stealth technology, integrated sensors, and a greater operational range compared to its predecessor, making it an indispensable tool for both defensive and offensive operations. Additionally, the F-35 can perform missions that would expose other fighters, thanks to its ability to evade radar and its advanced situational awareness, allowing it to identify and strike targets with unprecedented precision.

The Transition from the F-16 to the F-35

The shift from the F-16 to the F-35 has been a carefully planned process over the past decade. The RNLAF has been progressively integrating the F-35 into its fleet since it received its first aircraft in 2019. This process reached its culmination in 2024, with the official retirement of the F-16 from active service. The last operational flight of an F-16 took place during a ceremony on September 27, 2024, at Volkel Air Base, where homage was paid to this aircraft that has been a key pillar of NATO operations and the national defense of the Netherlands.

The F-16 was first introduced in 1979, and since then, it has participated in numerous international missions, including operations in the Balkans, Iraq, Afghanistan, and more recently in the Baltic as part of NATO’s air policing operations. Despite its impressive record, the F-16’s technology has become outdated in the face of the increasing demands of modern warfare, particularly against advanced threats such as Russian and Chinese air defense systems. Therefore, replacing the F-16 with the F-35 not only improves the Netherlands’ defense capability but also ensures its relevance in future NATO operations.

The Role of the F-35 in International Defense

The declaration of the full operational capability of the F-35 allows the RNLAF to deploy these aircraft across a full spectrum of international operations. With advanced stealth capabilities and superior sensor systems, the F-35 is a crucial asset for both air defense and strike missions. Its ability to collect, process, and share information in real-time makes it a "force multiplier," not just for the Netherlands, but for all NATO allies with whom it operates.

Moreover, the F-35 is designed to seamlessly integrate with NATO’s defense infrastructure, ensuring that the Netherlands will play a crucial role in Europe’s collective security. NATO has increasingly focused on upgrading the air fleets of its member states, given that current threats require aircraft capable of operating in more complex and dangerous environments, including airspaces denied by advanced air defense systems.

International Collaboration and Nuclear Capability

It is important to note that the operational capability of the F-35 ensures that the Netherlands can continue to fulfill its role within NATO’s nuclear deterrence framework. Since the Cold War, the Royal Netherlands Air Force has played a key role in delivering nuclear weapons on behalf of NATO under the alliance’s nuclear-sharing program. With the retirement of the F-16, the F-35 will also assume this responsibility. While details about these missions are generally classified, it is known that the F-35A can be equipped with tactical nuclear weapons, such as the B61 nuclear bomb, which strengthens NATO’s capacity to maintain a strategic balance in Europe.

Support for Ukraine and the Donation of F-16s

In addition to the internal transition to the F-35s, the Netherlands has made a significant contribution to Ukraine’s defense in its conflict with Russia. In an unprecedented move, the Netherlands announced that it would donate 24 F-16 aircraft to Ukraine, as part of international efforts to bolster the country’s air defenses against Russian attacks. The first batch of F-16s was transported to Ukraine in July 2024, and some of these aircraft have already been deployed in combat. This gesture not only helps Ukraine defend itself but also symbolizes the Netherlands’ commitment to security and stability in Eastern Europe.

Future Prospects

As the Royal Netherlands Air Force fully adopts the F-35, it enters a new era of defense capabilities. The advanced technology and versatility of this aircraft position the Netherlands as a leader within NATO when it comes to air power. Although the retirement of the F-16 marks the end of an important chapter in the country’s military history, the introduction of the F-35A ensures that the armed forces will be better equipped to face the security challenges of the future.

The use of the F-35 also reflects a broader trend within NATO toward the modernization of air fleets, as more European countries look to upgrade their militaries to face emerging threats, both conventional and unconventional. This shift ensures that NATO will remain a robust and adaptable alliance, capable of responding to any challenge in the near future.

In conclusion, the full operational capability of the F-35 in the Royal Netherlands Air Force is a monumental advancement that not only enhances national security but also strengthens the collective defense of Europe within NATO. With this aircraft in its arsenal, the Netherlands is well-prepared to contribute significantly to international operations and ensure its responsiveness to future threats.

Greece Signs Deal for 20 F-35 Jets, Joining the F-35 Program as 19th Nation

The Greek government has formalized its plan to purchase 20 Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II aircraft by signing a Letter of Offer and Acceptance (LOA) through a U.S. government Foreign Military Sale, which includes an option for 20 additional aircraft. This agreement marks Greece as the 19th nation to join the F-35 program, enhancing the Hellenic Air Force's capabilities and interoperability with NATO allies.

Air Force Lt. Gen. Mike Schmidt, director and program executive officer of the F-35 Joint Program Office, expressed enthusiasm for Greece joining the F-35 enterprise, noting the aircraft's exceptional capabilities and its role in strengthening NATO's combat effectiveness. Bridget Lauderdale, Lockheed Martin's vice president and general manager of the F-35 program, highlighted the longstanding partnership with the Hellenic Air Force and emphasized the F-35’s suitability for bolstering Greece's sovereignty and operational capacity.

The F-35 is increasingly becoming NATO's fighter of choice due to its unparalleled interoperability, ensuring strategic superiority for decades. By the 2030s, over 600 F-35s from more than 10 European countries, including two U.S. squadrons at RAF Lakenheath, will operate together, demonstrating alliance-based deterrence and advancing NATO's next-generation air power.

Mara Motherway, Lockheed Martin's vice president of Strategy and Business Development, emphasized the F-35's role in deterring threats and ensuring regional stability, contributing significantly to the evolving 21st Century Security® battlespace. Currently, the F-35 operates from 32 bases worldwide with nearly 1,000 aircraft having logged over 860,000 flight hours.

Greece, also operating F-16s, C-130s, and Hawk helicopters, is upgrading part of its F-16 fleet to the "Viper" configuration and has recently acquired 35 UH-60M Black Hawks. Defense Minister Nikos Dendias stated that the acquisition of the F-35A Joint Strike Fighters represents a significant modernization for the Greek Air Force, replacing older F-4 and Mirage 2000 aircraft. The deal, valued at $3.76 billion, will see deliveries beginning in 2028 and continuing through 2033, with the jets based at Andravida, Greece.

The procurement of F-35s comes amidst political tensions with Turkey, another NATO member expelled from the F-35 program after purchasing Russian air defense equipment. These tensions were highlighted by Greek Health Minister Adonis Georgiadis's recent remarks about the potential use of F-35s against Turkey.

Lockheed Martin views Greece’s entry into the F-35 program as part of its ongoing international expansion, reinforcing alliance-based deterrence and setting the foundation for future air power capabilities within NATO and allied nations.

Turkey's Aerospace Ambitions: Still interested in buying 40 Eurofighters, F-35 Reintegration, and 'KAAN' Maiden Flight in March 2024

Turkey has been seeking to strengthen its position in the aerospace arena through a series of strategic initiatives, including exploring options for the acquisition of combat aircraft and developing its own fifth-generation fighter jet, the 'KAAN'. One focus of this strategy has been the ongoing interest in acquiring 40 Eurofighter Typhoon jets, a decision that was reinforced after the United States moved forward with the sale of F-16 fighter jets to Ankara for $23 billion.

This quest for diversification in its combat aircraft procurement options reflects a broader defense strategy, where Turkey seeks to ensure a modern and versatile air force. Although Germany has expressed opposition to the potential purchase of Typhoons, Turkey remains interested and hopes for a positive approach from the Eurofighter consortium members.

Meanwhile, the United States has signaled a willingness to reconsider Turkey's participation in the F-35 program, provided concerns related to the Russian S-400 air defense system are addressed. During the recent visit of Acting Deputy Secretary of State Victoria Nuland to Turkey, the diplomatic complexities involved in this process were discussed, emphasizing the importance of resolving the S-400 standoff for Turkey's reintegration into the F-35 program.

While Turkey navigates these procurement and international cooperation issues, the development of its own fifth-generation fighter jet, the 'KAAN', is progressing. After facing some setbacks, including delays in the schedule, the aircraft is scheduled to conduct its maiden flight soon. With the Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) leading the project, the 'KAAN' promises to be a significant addition to the Turkish Air Force inventory, offering a combination of advanced technology, enhanced combat capabilities, and a fully domestic infrastructure.

In this context, Turkey is positioned not only to strengthen its own defense capability but also to play an important role in the global aerospace landscape, collaborating with international partners and advancing technologically in its own aerospace industry. These developments reflect a continued commitment to national security and a defense strategy that encompasses both the acquisition of external technology and the internal development of capabilities.

USA Lifts Freeze on Massive F-16 Deal with Turkey, Approves F-35s for Greece in Significant Geopolitical Maneuver

Following Turkey’s parliament endorsement of Sweden’s NATO application, the Biden administration has informed Congress that it is reviving a significant deal with Turkey. This deal entails supplying 40 new F-16 fighters and upgrading an additional 79 aircraft already in service, estimated at a staggering $23 billion.

Simultaneously, the administration has greenlit Greece, Turkey's regional rival, to become a part of the F-35 program. Greece is potentially set to acquire 40 F-35 conventional take-off and landing variants for $8.6 billion.

These parallel approvals mark the culmination of a major geopolitical struggle involving all three nations. Additionally, they coincide with Sweden's aspirations to join NATO following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, adding another layer of complexity to the regional dynamics

The delay in Turkey's acquisition of F-16s had been a significant point of contention between Ankara and Washington. Turkey's pursuit of new and upgraded F-16s dates back several years, following its expulsion from the US-led international F-35 program in 2020 due to its procurement of advanced Russian radars. In the same year, Defense News reported that American lawmakers quietly halted all major arms sales to Turkey, including upgrades for F-16s.

More recently, Turkey linked the US approval of F-16s to the lifting of its opposition to Sweden's NATO membership. Turkey, along with Hungary, had obstructed Sweden's NATO bid for months. Following Turkey's parliament's approval of Sweden's accession earlier in the week, President Joe Biden reportedly urged Congress to approve the F-16 deal shortly thereafter.

While the Biden administration resisted any official connection between the two issues, key members of Congress openly stated that no F-16s would be approved until Turkey addressed the NATO question. Chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee Ben Cardin emphasized that his approval of Turkey's request to purchase F-16 aircraft was contingent on Turkey's endorsement of Sweden's NATO membership.

However, Cardin said: “While Turkey plays a critical role in the region as a NATO ally, there is an urgent need for improvement on its human rights record, including the unjust imprisonment of journalists and civil society leaders, better cooperation on holding Russia accountable for its invasion of Ukraine, and on lowering the temperature in its rhetoric about the Middle East.”

According to the State Department, Turkey's acquisition of new Lockheed Martin-made planes and the modernization effort, along with various supporting equipment and services, "will advance the foreign policy objectives and national security interests of the United States by enhancing the air capabilities and interoperability of a NATO Ally that contributes to political and economic stability in Europe."

While State Department approval is significant, it does not represent the final decision, and lawmakers retain the ability to intervene in potential deals. However, the public support from figures like Cardin suggests that the Biden administration likely anticipated minimal resistance in Congress when making the announcement.

Turkey is currently working on developing its domestically manufactured next-generation fighter aircraft, known as the KAAN. However, analysts have indicated that the KAAN is still several years away from being operational. In the meantime, Ankara has been eager to address its "fighter gap" that was expected to widen as its existing fleet of F-16s aged.

The simultaneous approval of Turkey's fighter clearance and Greece's anticipated F-35 purchase comes as no surprise, given the ongoing geopolitical tensions between the two historical rivals.

“The F-35 will offset the increasing obsolescence of other Hellenic Air Force aircraft such as the F-4 and Mirage 2000. Greece will have no difficulty absorbing these articles and services into its armed forces,” the State Department said.

Greece submitted its formal request for F-35s in June 2022, a move that was expected to receive approval from the US. However, there were concerns that this decision could potentially strain relations between the United States and Turkey.

Lockheed Martin has maintained a dedicated webpage since 2022 outlining the potential for Greek F-35s, emphasizing the aircraft's readiness as the optimal solution for the Hellenic Air Force.

Before Greece's involvement, a total of 17 nations had participated in the development of the F-35 or had procured the aircraft.

US and UAE Move Forward with MQ-9B SeaGuardian Procurement

After years of delay, a deal to export 18 MQ-9B SeaGuardian unmanned aerial vehicles to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is back on track, as confirmed by the president of General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI) in a statement to Breaking Defense. Progress has been made in separating the MQ-9 deal from the larger and more controversial F-35 procurement. The interview took place at the Unmanned Systems Exhibition, UMEX 2024, in Abu Dhabi.

General Atomics is currently finalizing platform configurations and estimates for the Emirati Air Force, with full support from the US government. A formal letter of request from the UAE is expected to be resubmitted within three to six months.

While US State Department officials declined to provide specific details about the status of the MQ-9B deal, they confirmed that the proposed sale of F-35 aircraft, MQ-9 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, and munitions remains under consideration.

The procurement process for the MQ-9B SeaGuardians has a head start, as the US government approved and notified Congress of the potential sale back in 2020, with an estimated price tag of just under $3 billion at the time.

However, a combined deal including 50 F-35 fighter jets along with the SeaGuardians was halted due to US concerns about the Emirates' use of Chinese Huawei network technology and its potential impact on the F-35 program. The president of General Atomics assured Breaking Defense that the Chinese networking technology does not affect the MQ-9B, as it is controlled via satellite links.

In November of last year, Breaking Defense reported that General Atomics was planning to integrate Emirati EDGE Group missiles on the MQ-9B SkyGuardian platform, making it the first indigenous weapons system in the region to be integrated onto a US platform. Testing and integration of the indigenous missile are expected to take place in the UAE.

The United Kingdom and the UAE are the only two countries approved by the US government to integrate their indigenous weapons on the MQ-9.

General Atomics anticipates closing deals with additional Arab countries within the timeframe of 2024-2025.

UK's Retirement of 30 Eurofighter Typhoon Jets by 2025 Raises Defence Capability Concerns, roughly 107 Eurofighters left for RAF

The recent announcement by the United Kingdom to retire 30 Eurofighter Typhoon fighter jets by 2025 has sparked widespread concerns about the nation's military capabilities, particularly in potential conflict scenarios. The issue is exacerbated by the fact that the UK has only received a total of 31 F-35 out of the planned 48 for the initial phase to be operated by both the RAF and the Royal Navy. There are ongoing negotiations for the purchase of an additional 26 F-35B VTOL aircraft, potentially raising the total to 76 F-35s, although this has not been officially confirmed. Voices within the UK have expressed concerns that the RAF could be left with fewer than 150 fighter jets in the near term, a quantity considered wholly inadequate to ensure the fulfillment of both national defense commitments and those of NATO.

These 30 Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft, part of the Tranche 1 variant, are scheduled for decommissioning. However, their components and equipment will find new life as spare parts for the existing operational Eurofighter Typhoon fleet, following the "Reduce to Produce" initiative.

UK's Minister of of Defence, James Catlidge, clarified, "There are currently 30 Eurofighter Typhoon Tranche 1 jets in service, and 26 of these will cease operations by March 2025."

Additionally, four more Eurofighter Typhoon Tranche 1 jets will remain in service until 2027 before being phased out.

Post the retirement in 2025, the UK's Eurofighter Typhoon inventory will shrink to 107 aircraft, consisting of 67 Tranche 2 variants and 40 Tranche 3 variants.

The decision to retire these jets has faced criticism, notably from Member of Parliament Mark Francois, who expressed reservations about the Ministry of Defence's strategy. Francois voiced concerns that removing these jets would create a significant capability void, especially during conflict situations.

"There's a critical capability gap in potential conflict scenarios. It doesn't seem prudent to retire 30 Eurofighter Typhoon jets. They could serve as valuable assets in a war reserve," Francois emphasized.

BAE Systems, responsible for the Eurofighter Typhoon's development, proposed upgrading Tranche 1 aircraft to Tranche 2 or 3 levels. However, the Ministry of Defence hasn't considered this proposal.

"Technically, upgrading Tranche 1 aircraft to Tranche 2 or 3 is feasible. BAE has provided the Ministry of Defence with details regarding the structural and avionic modifications required," explained sources familiar with the matter.

Delays in Key Upgrade Stall F-35 Fighter Jet Deliveries

Newly built F-35 Joint Strike Fighters face prolonged delays as a critical upgrade, Technology Refresh 3 (TR-3), remains incomplete at Lockheed Martin's Fort Worth facility in Texas. The TR-3, set to enhance the F-35's capabilities with improved displays, computer memory, and processing power, has encountered persistent software issues, notably in its integration into the new hardware. Initially slated for completion in April 2023, this vital upgrade is now expected to be ready between April and June 2024 due to repeated setbacks.

While F-35s equipped with TR-3 hardware commenced production in late July, their deliveries have been withheld by the government as they cannot undergo necessary acceptance flights. Consequently, an undisclosed number of F-35s are stored at Lockheed Martin's Fort Worth site.

Efforts by the F-35 Joint Program Office to resume acceptance flights and deliveries prior to TR-3's full completion involve the potential implementation of early, albeit incomplete, versions of TR-3 software into new F-35s. However, it is anticipated that these provisional software versions would require subsequent updates to unlock their full capabilities.

The delivery delay may impact Air Force units transitioning from other aircraft, affecting their receipt of promised F-35s and potentially hindering the Air Force's global force management.

Additionally, forthcoming decisions and developments for the F-35 program include the transition to full-rate production in early 2024, pending years behind schedule, and upgrades to the existing F135 engines under the Engine Core Upgrade program, expected to commence in early 2029. These engine upgrades aim to equip the F-35 with enhanced power and cooling capacity in preparation for the Block 4 modernization of the aircraft.

Dutch Court Denies Request to Block Transfer of F-35 Fighter Jet Parts to Israel from The Netherlands

A Dutch court on Friday rejected a request by a group of human rights and humanitarian organizations to order a halt to the transfer to Israel of parts for F-35 fighter jets.

The organizations went to court Dec. 4 arguing that delivery of parts for the aircraft makes the Netherlands complicit in possible war crimes being committed by Israel in its war with Hamas. The parts are stored in a warehouse in the Dutch town of Woensdrecht.

In a written statement, the Hague District Court said the judge who heard the civil case concluded that the government of the Netherlands “weighed the relevant interests” before agreeing to the delivery of parts.

Lawyer Liesbeth Zegveld told the court that the Dutch government decided to continue transferring F-35 parts to Israel even after the deadly Oct. 7 attacks by Hamas triggered the Israel-Hamas war.