🇦🇷 Argentina’s F-16s enter flight training phase

Argentina’s F-16 Fighting Falcon fleet has reportedly entered the flight training phase following its arrival in December 2025. After several months without visible activity, initial flying operations now appear to be underway.

The period immediately after delivery was focused on integration. Infrastructure, logistics and pilot preparation needed to be established before any flight activity could begin. This explains the absence of operations in the early months.

Flight training is being conducted from Río Cuarto, with support from Top Aces. The involvement of a contractor reflects a structured approach to pilot conversion and the rapid build-up of operational capability.

The start of flight operations marks a transition from delivery to operational development. Early sorties are expected to focus on familiarisation and the gradual build-up of pilot proficiency.

Argentina’s push to rebuild its armed forces through privatization funds

Argentina has announced a new initiative aimed at rebuilding its long-neglected military capabilities by allocating 10% of revenues from privatizations to a dedicated defense fund. The measure, confirmed by presidential spokesperson Manuel Adorni under the administration of Javier Milei, reflects a broader attempt to address decades of underinvestment in the country’s armed forces.

Since the Falklands War in 1982, Argentina’s military has faced persistent budgetary constraints, limited modernization, and the long-term effects of international embargoes and political restrictions. As a result, many of its platforms have aged without adequate replacement, leaving significant capability gaps across all branches.

The newly proposed funding model seeks to bypass traditional budget limitations by linking defense spending to revenues generated from the sale of state assets, including public companies, land, and other government holdings. Estimates suggest that between $1.5 and $3 billion could be raised over time, depending on the pace and success of privatization efforts.

This approach does not guarantee a steady flow of funds, but it provides a potential mechanism to finance major acquisitions without placing additional strain on Argentina’s fiscal balance. In that sense, it represents both a financial workaround and a political signal: defense is once again being framed as a long-term state priority.

Recent developments suggest that this shift is already translating into concrete steps. Argentina has moved forward with the acquisition of Danish F-16 Fighting Falcon fighters, marking a significant upgrade in its air combat capabilities. At the same time, discussions are reportedly underway regarding the possible procurement of UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters, which would enhance tactical mobility, logistics, and rapid deployment capabilities.

Beyond aviation, the broader modernization effort also appears to include plans for new naval assets, armored vehicles, and potentially even submarine programs. While many of these initiatives remain at an early or exploratory stage, they point to a more comprehensive attempt to rebuild Argentina’s military posture after decades of relative stagnation.

From a strategic perspective, the initiative can be interpreted as an effort by the Milei administration to confront a long-standing structural issue. Rather than relying solely on incremental budget increases, the government is attempting to inject capital into the defense sector through extraordinary means, leveraging privatization as a funding source.

Whether this model proves sustainable will depend on multiple factors, including the success of privatizations, political continuity, and broader economic conditions. However, the intent is clear: Argentina is seeking to reverse years of decline and reestablish a minimum level of credible military capability.

🇦🇷 Argentina in talks to acquire UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters

 

Argentina’s interest in the UH-60 Black Hawk has resurfaced once again, following renewed contacts with the United States. While no agreement has been finalized, recent meetings suggest that the possibility of acquiring the platform is back on the table after several stalled attempts in recent years.

The potential deal is being discussed within the framework of ongoing defense cooperation between Buenos Aires and Washington. High-level engagements, including meetings at the Pentagon, point to a structured negotiation process rather than an early-stage inquiry. However, as with previous efforts, discussions remain conditional and far from a signed contract.

Argentina is not currently an operator of the Black Hawk in a military sense. Although a VH-60 variant exists in a presidential transport role, the country’s armed forces do not field the helicopter as part of their operational fleet. This distinction is important, as the acquisition would represent not just an expansion, but the introduction of a new capability.

From an operational perspective, the Black Hawk would address a clear requirement. Argentina’s rotary-wing fleet has long relied on upgraded Huey platforms, which continue to serve but are increasingly limited in terms of payload, range and survivability. A transition to the UH-60 would significantly enhance tactical mobility, particularly in demanding environments and in support of ground forces.

This is not the first time Argentina has pursued the platform. Previous acquisition attempts, including a formal process launched in recent years, were ultimately halted due to financial constraints. Budgetary limitations remain a key variable, and will likely determine whether current talks progress beyond the negotiation stage.

Beyond the platform itself, any potential acquisition would also involve training, logistics and long-term sustainment considerations. These elements are often decisive in shaping final outcomes, particularly for countries seeking to introduce a new system into their force structure.

Top Aces formará a los pilotos argentinos del F-16 en el arranque de una nueva era para la Fuerza Aérea Argentina

La empresa estadounidense Top Aces ha sido seleccionada para llevar a cabo la formación de pilotos de la Fuerza Aérea Argentina en el F-16 Fighting Falcon, el nuevo caza que el país sudamericano ha adquirido a Dinamarca en el marco del mayor programa de modernización de su aviación de combate en décadas.

El contrato, valorado en 33,2 millones de dólares, tiene una duración inicial de dos años, con opción de ampliación a un tercer año. El acuerdo ha sido adjudicado por el 338th Enterprise Sourcing Squadron y será gestionado por el U.S. Air Force Security Assistance Training Squadron, dentro del sistema de cooperación militar internacional de Estados Unidos.

Un paso clave para la transición al F-16

El programa de entrenamiento está directamente vinculado a la adquisición por parte de Argentina de 24 cazas F-16AM/BM procedentes de la Real Fuerza Aérea de Dinamarca,  que han comenzado a entregarse progresivamente.

Los primeros seis aviones ya han sido recibidos, iniciando así la fase de transición hacia el nuevo sistema de combate. El calendario previsto contempla entregas escalonadas hasta completar la flota en los próximos años:

• 2025 → primeros F-16 para entrenamiento

• 2026-2028 → llegada progresiva de la flota

• 2028-2029 → plena capacidad operativa

Para la Fuerza Aérea Argentina, este programa supone recuperar capacidades que se habían perdido tras la retirada de sus antiguos cazas supersónicos, entre ellos el Dassault Mirage III y sus derivados.

Entrenamiento completo para pilotos de combate

El programa desarrollado por Top Aces cubrirá todo el proceso de formación de los pilotos argentinos en el F-16, incluyendo:

• curso básico de conversión al avión (B-Course)

• entrenamiento de calificación de misión

• formación de líderes de formación

• capacitación de futuros instructores

Según el acuerdo, los instructores de Top Aces —muchos de ellos antiguos pilotos de la Fuerza Aérea de Estados Unidos — se desplazarán a Argentina para impartir la formación directamente en bases de la Fuerza Aérea Argentina.

El programa combinará clases teóricas, simuladores avanzados y entrenamiento en vuelo, utilizando los propios F-16 argentinos a medida que estos vayan entrando en servicio.

Dinamarca ya retiró sus F-16

La llegada de estos aviones a Argentina coincide con el final de la carrera operativa del F-16 en Dinamarca. La Royal Danish Air Force retiró oficialmente este modelo en enero de 2026, tras más de cuatro décadas de servicio.

Los aparatos están siendo sustituidos por el Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II, lo que ha permitido liberar parte de la flota para su transferencia a nuevos operadores.

En este contexto, 24 aviones han sido vendidos a Argentina, mientras que otros ejemplares serán transferidos a Ucrania dentro de los programas de apoyo militar occidentales.

Modernización de la aviación de combate argentina

La introducción del F-16 marca un cambio profundo para la aviación militar argentina. Se trata de un caza polivalente con amplias capacidades aire-aire y aire-tierra, ampliamente utilizado en la OTAN y en numerosas fuerzas aéreas aliadas.

Con su entrada en servicio progresiva y el programa de formación de pilotos ahora en marcha, la Fuerza Aérea Argentina espera recuperar una capacidad de combate moderna y plenamente interoperable con los estándares occidentales.

Si el calendario se cumple, la flota completa podría estar operativa hacia finales de la década, devolviendo a Argentina un papel relevante en el panorama de la aviación de combate regional.

Cómo el Reino Unido preparó la defensa de Gibraltar de posibles ataques de España y la Unión Soviética en los 80

(Del Artículo original publicado en el blog 'Thin Pinstriped Line')

En las primeras horas de mayo de 1982, tras indicios de que una fuerza anfibia española —oficialmente en maniobras— había comenzado a navegar cada vez más cerca de Gibraltar, el Gobernador ejerció sus poderes para ordenar la salida de buques de guerra de la Royal Navy y desplegar al Royal Army en las calles del Peñón, con el objetivo de defenderlo ante una posible invasión española.

Esto puede sonar al argumento de una novela barata de la Guerra Fría, pero estuvo sorprendentemente cerca de suceder. Este artículo analiza cómo, durante la década de 1980, el Reino Unido planificó activamente la defensa de Gibraltar tanto frente a una agresión soviética como española, en circunstancias tan improbables como delicadas.

En 1982, las relaciones entre el Reino Unido y España seguían siendo tensas debido a la cuestión de Gibraltar, especialmente tras el cierre de la frontera terrestre por parte de España en 1969. A lo largo de los años setenta existió una preocupación real de que España pudiera intentar algún tipo de acción militar limitada, lo que llevó a desarrollar planes detallados para defender “el Peñón” el tiempo suficiente como para permitir que prevalecieran soluciones diplomáticas.

La invasión argentina de las Islas Malvinas incrementó de forma notable estas preocupaciones, dado el papel militar clave que desempeñaban las instalaciones británicas en Gibraltar en el apoyo a la Fuerza de Tareas enviada al Atlántico Sur.

En abril de 1982, los Jefes de Estado Mayor británicos revisaron con urgencia los planes y capacidades necesarias para mantener Gibraltar a salvo, tanto frente a un posible ataque argentino como para disuadir a España de aprovechar una eventual distracción del Reino Unido, tanto a corto como a medio plazo.

Los planes para reforzar el Peñón se conocían como Joint Tactical Plan (JTP) 52, y estaban diseñados para responder al riesgo de una agresión española. Tal y como señalaban los propios mandos:

“El plan contempla el refuerzo de Gibraltar ante una amenaza directa contra el Peñón, no un plan de contingencia para una guerra con España. Naturalmente, si los acontecimientos escalaran hasta un nivel tan desafortunado, se asignarían las fuerzas apropiadas según dictara la situación”.

Una de las principales preocupaciones inmediatas fue la presencia de una fuerza anfibia española con unos 4.000 infantes de marina embarcados, operando a apenas 35 millas de la colonia entre el 26 de abril y el 4 de mayo. Aunque la amenaza se consideraba extremadamente improbable, no podía descartarse por completo.

Para reducir este riesgo, se desplegaron en Gibraltar dos aviones de ataque SEPECAT Jaguar de la RAF y un helicóptero Lynx de la Royal Navy, proporcionando una capacidad básica de ataque antibuque frente a unidades españolas que pudieran representar una amenaza para el Peñón.

El comandante en jefe en Gibraltar estaba lo suficientemente preocupado como para ordenar formalmente la puesta en marcha de “preparativos encubiertos para hacer frente a cualquier intento —admitidamente extremadamente improbable— de asalto anfibio contra Gibraltar”.

Estas medidas incluían la preparación discreta de buques de la Royal Navy para hacerse a la mar con muy poco preaviso, con el fin de vigilar a la fuerza anfibia si se desplazaba hacia el este, fuera de la zona de ejercicios, en dirección a Gibraltar. De continuar ese movimiento, las unidades del Ejército pasarían a un estado de máxima alerta, con las tripulaciones aéreas ya en cabina.

Las reglas de enfrentamiento (ROE) propuestas establecían que la Royal Navy no abriría fuego hasta que el “enemigo” disparase primero o hubiese desembarcado en Gibraltar y abierto fuego allí. Resulta especialmente significativo que estas ROE se refiriesen explícitamente a las tropas españolas como “enemigo en territorio de Gibraltar”.

España, por supuesto, no invadió Gibraltar. Sin embargo, el episodio llevó al Ministerio de Defensa británico a una revisión urgente de las defensas necesarias para hacer frente a “la situación en la que un comandante español local pudiera decidir intentar una aventura no autorizada y sin apoyo contra el Peñón”.

Las conclusiones fueron preocupantes: existía una clara insuficiencia de artillería antiaérea —dependiendo todavía de cañones Bofors de 40 mm de la Segunda Guerra Mundial para defender el aeródromo—, una capacidad limitada de contrabatería frente a la artillería española (16 piezas de 105 mm y misiles antiaéreos) y una notable carencia de radares de vigilancia.

El gran dilema residía en equilibrar la necesidad de defender y reforzar Gibraltar con la de gestionar las tensiones locales y las relaciones diplomáticas. Un refuerzo militar demasiado visible podría incrementar las tensiones y dañar seriamente las relaciones bilaterales. Por ello, todas las medidas debían aplicarse manteniendo un perfil lo más bajo posible.

Tras el final de la Guerra de las Malvinas, el Reino Unido continuó preocupado por la defensa de Gibraltar, tanto ante el riesgo de una “aventura” española no autorizada como frente a una posible guerra general con la Unión Soviética. Durante varios años, la RAF mantuvo un destacamento permanente de dos Jaguar en Gibraltar para proporcionar apoyo aéreo cercano inmediato, mientras que la Royal Navy desplegó un Lynx equipado con misiles antibuque y sensores de vigilancia.

A esto se sumaban visitas regulares de otros aviones de la RAF. La idea era sustituir una presencia permanente visible por destacamentos rotatorios, manteniendo al mismo tiempo un mensaje claro de disuasión. También se contempló el despliegue de misiles Exocet como refuerzo de la defensa de la OTAN en el Estrecho.

El Ministerio de Defensa deseaba desplegar estos sistemas hacia 1985, pero la primera ministra Margaret Thatcher optó por la cautela, buscando no poner en riesgo las relaciones con España sin dejar de cumplir los compromisos con la OTAN.

El despliegue de Misiles antibuque Exocet

Según puede determinarse, el Exocet fue desplegado en Gibraltar hacia 1986, cuando la amenaza española ya había disminuido notablemente. De hecho, en 1983 el Comité Conjunto de Inteligencia había concluido que:

“No existe probabilidad de un ataque a nivel de brigada contra Gibraltar. Sin embargo, siempre existirá la posibilidad de que un comandante local intente una acción de bajo nivel contra el Peñón. Es poco probable que tal operación cuente con el apoyo de mandos superiores o del Gobierno español, pero no puede garantizarse una alerta temprana”.

El Ministerio de Defensa consideraba que, con las defensas existentes, el Reino Unido podría resistir con éxito un ataque limitado:

“Para hacer frente a la amenaza española, actualmente hay en Gibraltar un batallón de infantería regular, equipado con misiles MILAN y morteros, apoyado por una compañía y seis piezas LIGHT GUN del Regimiento de Gibraltar. Un asalto sorpresa de infantería española podría ganar algo de terreno, pero gracias a las excelentes posiciones defensivas del Peñón, el ataque debería detenerse rápidamente cerca del aeródromo”.

La Amenaza de la Unión Soviética 

Aun así, la amenaza soviética seguía siendo prioritaria. El Ministerio de Defensa evaluaba que, en caso de guerra, Gibraltar sería un objetivo clave para la URSS mediante el minado de accesos al puerto o al Estrecho, la infiltración de fuerzas especiales desde submarinos o buques mercantes, ataques con misiles lanzados desde submarinos y ataques aéreos con bombarderos medios empleando bombas y misiles de largo alcance.

Para demostrar a la OTAN el compromiso británico con la defensa del Estrecho, se decidió finalmente desplegar el Exocet en algún momento de 1985. Los registros sobre su servicio son escasos, pero todo indica que estuvo operativo a finales de los años ochenta y que ya había dejado de emplearse de forma rutinaria en torno a 1991, tras el colapso de la amenaza.

La retirada definitiva del Exocet del servicio de la Royal Navy en 1997 marcó también el fin de su presencia en Gibraltar, en un contexto en el que la amenaza española había desaparecido por completo.

Esta historia ilustra las dificultades de planificar para contingencias impensables. Resulta casi increíble que, hace apenas 40 años, el Reino Unido considerase que existía una amenaza militar remota pero creíble contra Gibraltar y planificase activamente cómo defenderse de un ataque sorpresa español. Afortunadamente, las relaciones bilaterales actuales son mucho más sólidas, y este escenario pertenece hoy al ámbito del “qué hubiera pasado si”, no a las salas de planificación militar.

Artículo original publicado en el blog 'Thin Pinstriped Line'

Spain’s Forgotten Aircraft Carrier: The SAC-220 and the Return of Conventional Carrier Ambitions

 

As Spain quietly re-evaluates the possibility of building a future conventional aircraft carrier, a largely forgotten chapter of national naval history suddenly becomes highly relevant. In the mid-1990s, Spanish shipbuilder Bazán (later IZAR, today Navantia) developed a fully-fledged CATOBAR aircraft carrier design known as SAC-220, a project that was not only technologically mature but actively offered on the international export market.

Three decades later, as Spain once again considers returning to fixed-wing naval aviation beyond the Harrier era, SAC-220 stands as a striking reminder that Spain once seriously pursued indigenous aircraft carrier design — and nearly exported it worldwide.

The SAC-220: Spain’s Ambition to Enter the Carrier Market

The SAC-220 was conceived during the 1990s as a medium-sized conventional aircraft carrier, intended to fill the niche between light STOVL carriers and large fleet carriers. The concept targeted navies seeking affordable access to fixed-wing carrier aviation without the extreme financial and industrial burden of supercarriers.

Technically, SAC-220 represented a mature and coherent design. It featured a CATOBAR configuration, enabling the operation of conventional fixed-wing aircraft using catapults and arresting gear — a capability Spain itself never operated operationally.

Key Technical Characteristics:

• Length: 241.8 m
• Beam: 29.5 m
• Full-load displacement: ~27,000 tons
• Propulsion: CODAG/COGAG
• Power output: 76,000–88,500 hp
• Max speed: 25.5–26.5 knots
• Range: 7,500 nautical miles at 15 knots
• Air group: ~20 fixed-wing aircraft + 4 ASW helicopters
• Sea state: Flight ops up to Sea State 5

Bazán also developed a smaller derivative version — SAC-200, displacing roughly 24,000 tons, aimed at even more cost-sensitive customers.

Designed for Export: Argentina, Brazil, India and China

Rather than serving Spanish requirements, SAC-220 was conceived primarily as an export product. Spain already operated the STOVL carrier Príncipe de Asturias, making a CATOBAR design unnecessary domestically. Instead, Bazán targeted countries seeking low-cost carrier capability.

Argentina

The original conceptual customer was the Argentine Navy, which sought a replacement for the aging ARA 25 de Mayo. SAC-220 would have restored Argentina’s fixed-wing naval aviation capability following the Falklands War. However, Argentina’s severe economic crisis during the 1990s rendered such a purchase impossible.

Brazil

Brazil also evaluated the design as a replacement for Minas Gerais, but ultimately opted for the ex-French carrier Foch (São Paulo) in 2000, acquiring it at a fraction of the cost despite its limited remaining service life.

India

India emerged as a potential industrial partner, with discussions linked to the modernization of Cochin Shipyard. While SAC-220 was examined, New Delhi eventually turned toward Russian carrier solutions and later indigenous designs.

China

Perhaps most intriguingly, China was offered SAC-220 during a period when the PLAN was intensively studying aircraft carrier operations. Despite China’s later massive carrier program, the design was reportedly declined — likely due to financial constraints, technical uncertainty, and Beijing’s preference for absorbing foreign technology through study rather than direct acquisition.

Technical Strengths and Design Limitations

SAC-220 aimed to provide credible conventional carrier aviation within a compact hull, but inevitably faced structural compromises.

Analysts and forum specialists highlighted:

• A relatively narrow beam, limiting deck space
• Single or dual catapult layouts with constrained recovery zones
• Tight margins for high-performance fighters

Despite this, SAC-220 would have been fully capable of operating aircraft such as the F-18 Hornet, A-4 Skyhawk, Super Étendard, MiG-29K, and even E-2 Hawkeye-type AEW platforms, something far beyond the reach of STOVL carriers.

Operationally, it was intended for sea control, limited power projection, and regional deterrence, rather than global strike operations.

Pocket Carrier Logic: Strategic Sense in Small Fleets

SAC-220 belonged to the concept of “pocket carriers” — vessels below 30,000 tons designed to deliver strategic relevance at manageable cost.

Lifecycle cost estimates at the time placed SAC-220 in the $350–400 million range, dramatically lower than contemporary fleet carriers. Even adjusted for inflation, such platforms remain financially accessible compared to full-size carriers.

For medium naval powers, SAC-220 offered:

• Fixed-wing strike capability
• Organic air defence
• ASW and maritime surveillance
• Strategic autonomy

All without the budgetary shock of supercarriers.

Why SAC-220 Failed — And Why It Matters Today

Despite aggressive marketing, no contracts were secured. Economic crises in Argentina and Brazil, strategic hesitation in India, and long-term planning cycles in China sealed the project’s fate.

Spain itself focused instead on the Buque de Proyección Estratégica (BPE) concept, which later became Juan Carlos I, prioritizing amphibious assault and helicopter operations over fixed-wing aviation.

Yet today, Spain once again faces a strategic inflection point:

• Harrier retirement approaching
• F-35B acquisition abandoned
• Increasing expeditionary commitments
• NATO power projection demands
• Rising Mediterranean and Atlantic security pressure

In this context, Spain’s historical experience designing SAC-220 suddenly gains new relevance.

SAC-220 and the Modern Spanish Carrier Debate

Spain is now actively studying the construction of a future conventional aircraft carrier, likely larger than Juan Carlos I and capable of operating fixed-wing aircraft.

Unlike the 1990s, today Spain benefits from:

• A mature shipbuilding industry (Navantia)
• Extensive LHD & carrier design experience
• Deep NATO interoperability
• Industrial partnerships, notably with Turkey and HÜRJET

The SAC-220 design philosophy — compact, efficient, affordable — fits remarkably well with modern Spanish strategic logic.

Rather than seeking a supercarrier, Spain appears more inclined toward a medium-sized conventional carrier, optimized for:

• Mediterranean operations
• NATO task groups
• Maritime security
• Limited expeditionary strike

The SAC-220 was far more than an unrealized drawing-board project. It represented a serious, credible attempt by Spain to enter the elite club of aircraft carrier designers.

Today, as Spain reopens the carrier debate, SAC-220 provides both technical legacy and strategic inspiration.

A future Spanish conventional carrier may not resemble SAC-220 in form, but its design philosophy — efficiency, affordability, and strategic autonomy — remains strikingly relevant.

In many ways, Spain’s future carrier may finally realize a vision first sketched more than 30 years ago.

Farewell to the F-16: Denmark Retires a Legend as Arctic Tensions Rise

Today marks the final day in service for the Royal Danish Air Force’s (RDAF) Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcons after a storied 46-year operational history encompassing air defence, NATO missions, combat deployments, and Arctic sovereignty patrols.

At a formal ceremony held at Skrydstrup Air Base, Denmark bid farewell to an aircraft that has been central to its air power since 1980, closing a chapter in military aviation and transitioning fully to the F-35A Lightning II as its frontline fighter.

Across its service life, Denmark operated 77 F-16s. As part of the retirement process:

🇺🇦 19 aircraft have been donated to Ukraine to support its defence against Russian aggression.

🇦🇷 24 jets have been sold to Argentina; deliveries continue as part of that transfer.

The remaining jets have either been decommissioned or were lost in accidents over decades of service.

This transition underscores not only Denmark’s modernization but also how ageing platforms are redistributed within the global aviation ecosystem.

Arctic Geopolitics: Greenland and Rising Tensions with the U.S.

The retirement of the F-16 occurs against a backdrop of heightened geopolitical tension between Denmark and the United States over Greenland — an autonomous Arctic territory that remains part of the Danish realm and central to Nordic security.

In early 2026, U.S. President Donald Trump reignited controversy by publicly asserting that the United States should acquire Greenland, allegedly “one way or the other,” citing its strategic location facing Russia and China. These comments sparked diplomatic friction between Copenhagen and Washington. 

Denmark’s government has firmly rejected any proposal to cede sovereignty over Greenland, emphasising that the U.S. does not need ownership of the territory to contribute to Arctic defence, and asserting that any such idea is “out of the question” under international law. 

In response to rising uncertainty and to reinforce Arctic readiness, Denmark has expanded its military presence in Greenland — deploying additional forces, aircraft patrols, and conducting exercises in close cooperation with NATO allies. 

This buildup is part of Operation Arctic Endurance, a Danish-led NATO activity focused on strengthening allied interoperability and deterrence in one of the world’s most challenging operational environments. 

A NATO Strain?

What makes the current situation unusual is that this tension is unfolding within NATO itself. While NATO has historically served as a platform for collective defence in the Arctic, differing interpretations between Denmark and the United States — particularly around Greenland’s future and strategic role — have introduced strains in transatlantic cooperation not seen in decades. 

Demonstrations in Denmark and Greenland underscore widespread public opposition to claims of divestiture or foreign acquisition of the territory. 

The F-16 Legacy and Denmark’s Strategic Future

Denmark’s F-16s were more than an airframe — they were a flexible tool of national and alliance deterrence for nearly half a century. They flew Baltic Air Policing missions, participated in overseas combat operations, and conducted sovereignty patrols in the Arctic. Their retirement consolidates Denmark’s transition to the fifth-generation F-35A, a platform central to future air operations in Europe and the North Atlantic.

At the same time, geopolitical realities in the High North — where airpower, maritime security, and alliance cohesion intersect — continue to evolve rapidly. The RDAF’s F-16s may be gone, but the region they helped secure remains a pivotal arena for strategic competition and alliance diplomacy.

The Argentine Navy Receives Its First P-3 Orion Aircraft to Strengthen Maritime Surveillance

On September 19, Argentina's Minister of Defense, Luis Petri, led the ceremony marking the incorporation of the first of four Lockheed Martin P-3 Orion aircraft acquired from Norway to enhance the Argentine Navy's capabilities in maritime space surveillance.

The aircraft landed at Almirante Zar Naval Air Base in Trelew, Chubut Province, earlier in September. During the ceremony, Petri emphasized the importance of this acquisition: "After decades where those responsible for leading the destiny of our Nation laughed in our faces, today we have a President who not only believes in what he says but also delivers on his promises."

Petri also highlighted that this purchase is part of a broader strategy to modernize the Armed Forces: "Since December 10, we have been tasked with making our Armed Forces a key player in this new Argentina, after 20 years of populism." He added that the acquisition of the P-3 Orion represents a technological leap that brings Argentina on par with other countries in the region.

Acquisition Details

Argentina purchased three P-3C Orions and one P-3N for logistical support, all of which underwent the Aircraft Service Life Extension Program (ASLEP), ensuring at least 15 more years of service, with around 17,000 flight hours remaining. This modernization process is crucial for keeping the maritime patrol aircraft fleet operational.

The P-3 Orion is a long-range patrol aircraft designed for control and surveillance missions in maritime areas, contributing to the preservation of sovereignty in Argentina's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and other areas under its jurisdiction. The P-3's capabilities include anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare, search and rescue (SAR), and humanitarian aid missions.

Operational Benefits for the Argentine Navy

The incorporation of these aircraft strengthens the concept of an Integrated Naval Force, improving coordination between aircraft and ships to expand the range of search and surveillance operations. With its flight autonomy and advanced systems, such as infrared cameras and high-precision sensors, the P-3 Orion offers real-time surveillance capabilities and a higher probability of detection over large maritime areas.

The aircraft has a wingspan of 30.38 meters and a range of 1,500 nautical miles, allowing it to cover Argentina's maritime coast and even Antarctica. It is also equipped with an automatic ship identification system and can carry rescue equipment, which significantly enhances the Argentine Navy's search and rescue operations.

Context of Modernization

This purchase is part of the National Public Investment Project, which aims to improve the operational and logistical capabilities of the Argentine naval aviation. The process to acquire the P-3s began due to the need to replace the previous fleet of P-3B aircraft, which had been in service for decades. The new aircraft, originally operated by the Royal Norwegian Air Force, underwent upgrades, including avionics and radar system improvements.

Regional Impact and Future Prospects

This acquisition not only strengthens Argentina's ability to monitor its vast maritime territory, including areas around the Falkland Islands, but also enhances its presence in the South Atlantic. The P-3 Orion aircraft are known for their reliability and operational versatility, enabling Argentina to perform long-range patrols, anti-submarine warfare, and search and rescue missions.

The Argentine government has emphasized that this purchase is a significant step towards modernizing its military capabilities, despite the country's budgetary constraints. Officials have noted that this investment is designed to protect Argentina's maritime resources and enhance its ability to address challenges such as illegal fishing.

Argentine Navy Moves Forward with Super Étendard SEM Reactivation, Potential Transfer to Ukraine

The Chief of the Argentine Navy, in a recent interview, confirmed the Navy's strong commitment to conduct a test flight to evaluate the operability of the Super Étendard Modernisé (SEM) aircraft. These planes, acquired from France in 2019 for €12.5 million, have remained grounded since their arrival due to issues with the ejection seats.

To address this problem, the Navy sent two ejection seats to the Defense Scientific and Technical Research Institute (Citedef) for a gunpowder analysis, which confirmed that they were in usable condition. The seats are currently at the facilities of MBA S.A., undergoing a major inspection to assess the operational status of their mechanical components.

The Navy's primary goal is to perform this initial test flight. However, Vice Admiral Alievi pointed out that there are still four technical issues to resolve: the parachute, the ejection seat, potential structural cracks, and the engine.

Argentina is currently the only country seeking to keep the SEMs operational, which complicates maintenance and the acquisition of spare parts due to their high cost and a British embargo.

On the other hand, the reactivation of the SEM fleet could be linked to Argentine President Javier Milei's proposal to provide Ukraine with five Super Étendard fighter jets, as reported by Infobae. Argentina never deployed these jets, which were purchased from France in 2017, due to a British embargo that prevented the sale of necessary military spare parts to the country.
The potential deal would see Argentina exchanging the Super Étendards for other military assets from France, such as drones or helicopters. Additionally, France would take responsibility for replacing the cartridges in the ejection seats, thereby preventing Argentina from being directly implicated in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. This arrangement is designed to ensure that the final political responsibility rests with France, allowing Argentina to support Ukraine in an indirect manner.

Argentina is expediting the purchase process of 24 F-16s from the former Royal Danish Air Force and anticipates finalizing the acquisition by the first half of 2024.

Although there hasn't been an official confirmation yet, the Argentine Government seems to be aiming to finalize the purchase of F-16 fighter jets for the Argentine Air Force by the first half of this year. The recent shift in the country's political landscape under President Javier Milei, aligning closely with the United States and Israel, appears to be facilitating positive advancements in negotiations, aiming to bring an end to a nearly decade-long saga of discussions and deliberations. However, Argentina's challenging economic and financial situation remains a factor of caution regarding any forthcoming announcement in the next few months.

As previously revealed, Argentina is in advanced discussions with the United States for the acquisition of 24 F-16 MLU fighter planes from the Royal Danish Air Force. Additionally, the recent appointment of new military leadership within the Armed Forces ensures continuity in negotiations and endeavors towards acquiring combat aircraft. Particularly noteworthy is Brigadier General Xavier Isaac's appointment to lead the EMCOFFA, overseeing the study and analysis of proposals for Argentina's future supersonic fighter.

Consistently highlighted in various discussions are the three primary contenders: Denmark's F-16 MLU, China's FC-1 Xiaolong (JF-17 Thunder Block III), and India's HAL Tejas. However, the U.S. proposal has gained momentum in recent months, overshadowing China's proposal. This momentum is evident in the authorization to transfer six F-16 Block 10 and 32 F-16 Block 15 aircraft to Argentina by the U.S. State Department, with the approval of the U.S. Congress. Similar decisions have been made regarding the acquisition of four P-3C/N aircraft from the Royal Norwegian Air Force, with the purchase agreement being signed on October 17.

The resurgence of diplomatic ties between Buenos Aires and Washington has reignited ongoing negotiations initiated by the previous administration. Credible sources from the Ministry of Defense have confirmed to Zona Militar the favorable disposition and understanding of the U.S. government to execute the operation. There are even indications of improvements to specific negotiation aspects, extending the negotiation timelines until the first semester of this year.

Specifically, these aspects pertain to financing, payment structures for the purchase, and notably, strategies for the maintenance and support of the F-16 fleet. Proposals include the establishment of a Logistics Maintenance Center for Argentina's Fighting Falcons and potential regional operators. There are also discussions about the possibility of locally manufacturing certain components of the fighter jets. Furthermore, although specifics have been handled cautiously, other necessary weapon systems required by the Argentine Armed Forces have been proposed.

The Argentine Government is currently evaluating the finer details before making any official announcements. This evaluation process takes into account Argentina's precarious economic situation and the substantial local, regional, and global implications of the purchase. This prospective acquisition represents the most significant procurement for the Argentine Armed Forces in the 21st century thus far.

Ukraine to Receive Mi-17E Helicopters from Argentina in Unexpected Diplomatic Gesture

 

Argentina’s recent decision to transfer two Mi-17E transport helicopters to Ukraine marks a significant diplomatic shift and strategic move in both nations’ military affairs. This decision, made during Ukrainian President Zelenskyy’s visit to Buenos Aires, stands as a testament to Argentina's revised foreign policy under its new leadership.

Initially acquired from Russia, these Mi-17E helicopters were utilized for logistical support in Antarctica. However, operational challenges arose due to difficulties in obtaining spare parts caused by sanctions. Despite these obstacles, the United States facilitated the transfer by offering Argentina a financial incentive. This deal involved offsetting the helicopters' cost against Argentina’s planned purchase of F-16 fighter jets from Denmark.

The maneuver not only strengthens Ukraine’s aerial capabilities for troop and supply transportation but also aids Argentina in its military modernization efforts, potentially at a reduced cost. Furthermore, it underscores Argentina’s commitment to upholding international order and supporting Ukraine’s territorial integrity, sending a clear message of solidarity to the international community.

The Argentine Air Force (FAA) had been operating two Mil Mi-171E helicopters for Antarctic operations since 2011. These helicopters, managed by Grupo Aéreo 7 from BAM Mariano Moreno in Buenos Aires, were utilized for general transportation and Search and Rescue (SAR) missions. Specifically adapted for Antarctica, the Mi-171Es were equipped with extra fuel tanks, a loading crane, and featured a distinct bright orange upper fuselage.

Despite their crucial role in Antarctic operations, maintaining these helicopters proved challenging for the FAA, especially concerning spare parts procurement and overhauling. The situation worsened after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Consequently, the United States urged Argentina to donate the helicopters to Ukraine, despite opposition from the outgoing Argentine government.

With the new Argentine government in place, finalizing the terms of the donation will take place soon. The United States is actively seeking ways to compensate Argentina for the helicopters. Meanwhile, the FAA will need to address the void created by the Mi-171Es' retirement from supporting Argentine Antarctic operations.

Argentina secures four P-3 Orion planes from Norway.

The acquisition, valued at approximately 60 million dollars, includes one P-3N variant and three P-3C variants. The contract, formalized on board the ARA Sarmiento frigate, establishes the purchase of four aircraft at the mentioned value, along with maintenance equipment, accessories, spare parts, test benches, and other components.

The aircrafts have an average of 17,000 remaining flight hours and a potential service life of 15 years.

Currently, an Argentine crew is in the United States for training. The first aircraft is expected to arrive in Argentina before the end of 2023, with the remaining three scheduled for 2024. The aircraft will be based at the Almirante Zar Naval Air Base in Trelew. Additionally, the return to service of the P-3B aircraft, which is currently undergoing inspection and maintenance at FAdeA, is expected soon.

The P-3 Orion aircraft will be used in surveillance, control, search, and rescue missions in the South Atlantic.

NEW HELICOPTERS FOR THE ARGENTINE NAVY

Regarding the acquisition of helicopters for ocean patrol vessels, a letter of intent has been formalized for the purchase of six Leonardo AW109 helicopters. The Minister stated, "The intention is to progress in this process, considering both technical aspects and financial considerations, in a challenging economic environment." The expenditure to finalize the helicopter acquisition has already been included in the budget for the year 2024.

Related: 

USA clears the transfer of 24 F-16s from Denmark to Argentina

Argentina near to select the JF-17 as future Air Force fighter

Argentine MoD, FAdeA reach deal for three Pampa IIIs

 

USA clears the transfer of 24 F-16s from Denmark to Argentina

The letter of approval for the transfer of F-16 aircraft from Denmark to Argentina was handed over on October 11 by Mira Resnick, who serves as the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Regional Security in the State Department, to Jorge Argüello, Argentina's ambassador to the United States. This news was reported by local media.

'Today @StateDeptPM’s Mira Resnick 🇺🇸 delivered a letter to @JorArguello approving the transfer of F-16 aircraft from Denmark to Argentina. The transfer reaffirms our close defense ties and steadfast support for Argentina’s air force modernization efforts. 

“The United States gave the green light to a sale of 24 F-16 fighter aircraft equipped with air-to-air missiles from Denmark to Argentina and is working on a financing package for 40 million dollars to facilitate the purchase by the government Argentina, an operation of enormous geopolitical impact in which Washington competes directly with China, which has offered the sale of JF-17 aircraft from Pakistan.

Argentinian Government must now decide whether to carry out this operation, whether to accept China’s offer, or whether to postpone any decision to modernize the Air Force and Navy fleet. In addition to the F-16 sale, the US government also paved the way for a purchase of four P-3 aircraft from Norway.”

Resnick made it clear that the transfer does not require consent from the United Kingdom, which has upheld a veto on Argentina's acquisition of military gear ever since the Falklands War.

 

Argentina Starts Evaluating US-Origin F-16 Fighting Falcons In Denmark

A top delegation of the Argentine Air Force is reportedly in Denmark to evaluate second-hand F-16s. The South American nation appears to have postponed the technical evaluation of India’s Tejas Light combat aircraft (LCA).

Along with the Danish alternative, Argentina is also considering the Chinese-built JF-17 Thunder and India’s Hindustan Aeronautic Limited (HAL) Tejas aircraft. 

The delegation consisted of experts and technicians that went to the European nation to assess the offered aircraft.

Technical teams and experts are currently researching and reviewing bids from China, India, and Denmark. The F-16 A/B MLU aircraft is proposed to Argentina under the joint efforts of Copenhagen and Washington. 

Previously, there were speculations that Argentina had finalized the Chinese JF-17 for its Air Force during the pandemic. 

Reports claimed that China had sent a few JF-17 jets to Argentina for evaluation. In response to this preemptive news, the United States reportedly pressured Argentina to abandon the deal. 

China would have gained a foothold in America’s backyard had the deal been approved. Since then, it appears Washington has been attempting to sell the Argentine Air Force used Danish fighter jets. 

Meanwhile, India has also aggressively promoted its Tejas light combat aircraft to the South American nation. According to sources familiar with the subject, the top defense authorities from Argentina frequently brought their best pilots along when they visited HAL facilities in India to inspect the LCA Tejas. 

Buenos Aires purportedly asked for another round to test the homegrown fighter plane, but HAL postponed it until sometime in 2023. An Argentine mission led by the Joint Chiefs of Staff Chief of Argentina, General Juan Paleo, visited India’s DefExpo 2022. 

Previously, a high-level delegation from HAL also visited Argentina, demonstrating India’s effort and Argentina’s interest. 

Argentina’s Internal Challenges

Buenos Aires has been struggling to modernize its air force. Following the Falklands War, the United Kingdom put a complete embargo on exports of defense hardware to Argentina. 

eurasiantimes 

Argentina near to select the JF-17 as future Air Force fighter

The bid submitted for the JF-17 weapon system complies with all the requirements established by the Argentine Air Force.

Details were given on the requirements established by the Argentine Air Force (FAA) and the models studied for its future supersonic multi-role fighter in a September report provided by the Chief of Cabinet of Ministers to the Argentine Congress.

Deputies of PRO (opposition party to the current Government) made the following diagnosis before asking questions to the Chief of Cabinet about the future incorporation of a supersonic fighter for the Argentine Air Force (FAA):

«At present, only a handful of A-4AR aircraft are in limited operational conditions. The aforementioned complement is not even a deterrent, much less sufficient to guarantee the integrity of the vast national territory.

Not only are the current capabilities patently insufficient, but they have also become dangerous for aviators, which could result in invaluable human losses of highly qualified military personnel. The situation of the equipment and its capabilities is serious and dangerous, affects the fundamental function of the force and allows the infringement of national sovereignty.»

The requirements established by FAA were:

• Multi-role supersonic fighter.
• In-flight refueling capability compatible with the FAA’s existing refueling aircraft.
• Airborne electronically scanning radar (AESA).
• Tactical Data Link capability.
• Electronic self-defense capability.
• Logistic and temporal potential and projection.
• No components of British origin.
• Availability (supply) for the use of armament.

The models under evaluation are the following:

• JF-17
• F-16
• HAL TEJAS
• MIG-35

The bid submitted for the JF-17 weapon system complies with all the requirements established by the FAA and includes according to the information submitted by the Argentine Ministry of Defense

• Technology transfer to national companies
• Spare parts
• Simulators
• Instruction for personnel
• WS-13 engines of Chinese origin
• Ejector seat of Chinese origin
• Short- and medium-range air-to-air missiles (BVR capability)
• Ninety percent compatibility with JF-17 Block IIIs being manufactured by Pakistan for its own Air Force
• All material is free of restrictions

The JF-17 Thunder is a single-engine multi-role combat aircraft developed jointly by the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex and the Chengdu Aircraft Corporation of China. The builders say that the JF-17 can be used for multiple roles, including interception, ground attack, anti-ship, and aerial reconnaissance.

58% of the JF-17 airframe, including its front fuselage, wings, and vertical stabiliser, is produced in Pakistan, whereas 42% is produced in China, with the final assembly taking place in Pakistan.

The JF-17 Block III is the latest version of this type with a new electronically scanned radar as well as advanced electronics.

Second-hand Lockheed Martin F-16 fighter jets such as those offered by the US so far, could not meet the requirements (they lack AESA radar and they can’t be refueled by FAA KC-130H aircraft).

Meanwhile the US will do everything possible to prevent Argentina from buying Chinese or Russian defense material, so as not to allow the establishment of military relations with its geopolitical opponents in the region.

As already reported, the FAA has been searching for a new supersonic fighter aircraft since when the Dassault Mirage III interceptor fleet was retired in 2015.

It looks like the UK is the biggest hurdle: in the last years in fact Argentina tried to purchase JAS-39 Gripen fighters from Sweden and KAI FA-50 Fighting Eagle jets from South Korea but since these aircraft use British equipment such as ejection seats built by Martin Baker, the UK blocked both the options.

Other potential solutions that have been reported included surplus Spanish Mirage F1s and Tranche 1 Eurofighter Typhoons, Leonardo M-346FA/FTs, CAC J-10s, and Aero L-159s. Even the Sukhoi Su-24 ‘Fencer’.

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